History. Culture. Traditions.
The first signs of a man on the territory of Kyrgyzstan date from the early
Paleolithic period - Ashels epoch (400-100 thousand years ago). Monuments
of that time were found in the On?Archa River basin on the territory of Osh
region.
Next period of the Stone Age - Mustier epoch (100-40 thousand years ago) -
presents itself by a great number of archeological monuments around Issyk-Kul
and Chu valley.
Upper Paleolithic period (40-12 thousand years ago) - is a time of maternal clan
community. Origin and relationship were determined on the women's line. A modern
man - Homo sapiens appeared in this period. Instruments of the Upper
Paleolithic Period were found in the natural boundary Kapchigai, in the
caves next to Khaidarkan and in other settlements.
New Stone Age period (6-4 thousand years BC), the monuments were found
everywhere: in Issyk-Kul, Tien-Shan, in Chu and Talas valley and in other places.
The most interesting is a great number of
caves with the marks of dwelling inside. On the walls of a large Ak-Chunkur
cave on the Sary-Jaz River many petrogliphs of people, bull, goat and snake
painted with red paint were found. During the excavations there were found
animals' bones, various stone articles and fire marks.
In the Bronze Age (2 - beginning of the 1 thousand years BC) shepherd-farming
tribes inhabited Kyrgyzstan. Rock petrogliphs those are in Talas valley and in
Fergana range clear represent individual parts of life. Scenes of men's activity
like cattle breeding, hunting and so on are on the stones. That time they began
to open natural resources - copper, tin, silver and gold. The main occupation of
shepherd tribes settled on the Tien-Shan territory was cattle breeding. The main
memorials of the Kyrgyz shepherd tribes of that time are burial grounds, found
in Issyk-Kul, next to Naryn, Chon Kemin and in other valleys. The finds,
discovered in burials, consist of household goods and decorations. Treasures of
bronze instruments (axes, daggers, sickles, spear and chisel-heads) evidence the
developed metallurgical production of that period. A great attention was paid to
pottery and stonemason handicraft, manufacture of various decorations, such as
bracelets, rings, beads and pendants. Further tribes of Central Asia and
Kazakhstan are known as Saka in Persian sources, and Scythians in
Greek-Asian ones. The part of such tribes dwelled on Tien-Shan territory in the
VII - III century BC. They were cattle-breeders and led nomadic way of life,
bred sheep, goats, horses and cows. Barrows represent Saka's archeological
monuments. They belong to common nomads and ancestral tribe nobility. The first
are of small sizes and in graves there is poor stock: earthenware crockery,
knives, arrowheads, and decorations. Barrow embankments of tribe nobility reach
their 5 - 6 meters height and 50 meters in diameter. Such burials are found in
Ketmen-Tubin valley. Funeral stock consists of numerous household goods, weapons,
harness and decorations. Petrogliphs represent interesting information about
Saka's epoch in the republic. They show scenes of ceremonies, way of life,
hunting and goats, deer, horses and different kinds of beasts. Especially these
petrogliphs are significant around the Issyk-Kul Lake (Cholpon-Ata, Chon-Sary-Oi,
etc.). Saka-breeders were skilful horsemen. Their courage and warlike character
were wildly known in the East. Sakas of Central Asia waged war with conquers.
They put up heroic resistance to Alexander Makedonsky's army.
From the III - to the VI century AD Usun dwelled in Tien-Shan. The main
tribal community settlement was on the Southern Issyk-Kul bank. Their principal
activity was nomadic breading, however, settlements around the Issyk-Kul Lake
and in Chu valley evidence of the fact, that the majority of them led settled
way of life. Nomads-Usun lived in felt yurts, ate meat and milk. In household
utensils there was mainly earthenware, wood and leather crockery. The Usun time
is bound with wide international links between the Tien?Shan population and
other states of Central and Middle Asia. The VI century AC is commemorated by
the big mass of Turk tribes' invasion to Middle Asia. The X - XI century was a
time of feudalism flourishing that entailed establishment of Karakhanid State.
Capital of Karakhanid - Balasagyn was located near the present town Tokmak.
The most outstanding architecture work of the XI century is the tower Burana.
In the course of time people forgot the principal purpose of the tower. There
are a lot of legends about its origin. According to one of them, a powerful khan
erected the minaret to save his only daughter from the predicted mortal bite of
black karakurt, a great amount of which abounded in that place. In spite of the
father?s efforts, the foretell came true and his daughter died of the karakurt's
bite, that was brought to the refuge with grapes. The tower became a burial
vault.
Small structure of the XV century - Tash-Rabat is situated in the At-Bashin
region. This unique stone building is the biggest one on the territory of Middle
Asia. Scientists assume that many ages ago there was a caravanserai for the
merchants moving from Europe to China. Due to masonry simplicity, proportion
heaviness and lack of window apertures, the building seems to be severe.
In this period, big towns grew in all valleys suitable for farming. Their
character feature is a large area of enclosed with long wall field ground around
the principal dwelling territory. In Chu valley, for example, the total area of
some towns reached 10 - 20 sq. Km. (Krasnorechensk cite of ancient settlement).
The Great Silk Road - a code-name of the international landline that
crossed Asia from the East to the West. For a long time in western countries
they knew nothing about China, as in China about other countries. The highest
Tien-Shan, Pamir, Himalayan ridges and waterless deserts separated different
countries. Only in the II century BC, the Chinese traveler Chzhan Tszan could
get over them. Soon, merchants with caravans followed the traveler.
Three branches of Great Silk Road (Pamiroalay, Fergana, Chui way) passed through
the medieval Kyrgyzstan. Caravans and merchants suffered serious troubles,
camels with luggage and riders with horses often fell into precipices. Robbers
were on the watch for them on the roads. The most popular product was fabric.
During the excavations in Batken and Talas region there were found different
clothes made of china silk. Silk from Iran was found in the Issyk-Kul burials.
Turk feudal had a great amount of silk, they even paid monthly payment to their
warriors with cloth pieces.
In the middle of the XII century the tungus-mongol nomads from the eastern
Mongolia conquered Karakhanid State. In 1219 the Genghis Khan's hordes
invaded into Tien-Shan and ruined all towns.
In the 70s of the XV century Kyrgyz already had their state association or
khanate in Tien-Shan. Their state strengthening was accompanied with the war of
liberation against the Mongol feudal. It ended in 1510 with the Mongols exile
from northern part of Kyrgyzia and Central Tien-Shan.
There is one contrast else, which is more striking than those created by nature.
This is the contrast of time, the contrast of life created by people. Everyone
knows that quite recently awful poverty, half-starving life, diseases condemned
people to die out. The proverb '"he pasture is where you have tied your horse,
the home is where you have made the fire" clearly reflects past. A yurt and a
horse were the only property of poor Kyrgyz.
Its art, culture and history people reflected in epic "Manas", their pride that
is by right called encyclopedia of the Kyrgyz people. The epic developed
gradually, it was inherited and transmitted from centuries through the talented
men of people "manaschy". Epic performance was their main occupation.
"Manas" - unlike the epics of many nations - is composed by verses from the
beginning till the ending. There are 500 thousand verse lines, that is 20 times
more than in "Illiada" and "Odissea". The epic's ideological inspiration is
connected with uncompromising struggle of the Kyrgyz people against the foreign
yoke. The chief and inspiration to the people is hero Manas. All trilogy events
develop around this image, having the main idea of separate Kyrgyz tribes
association.
The epic narrator - manaschy - performs unaccompanied. "Manas" melody
consists of various recitative intonations. According to the tradition its
performance lasted during some days or weeks. The "Manas" performance was marked
in the people as a great art event and took place with a big concourse. The
popular artist of Kyrgyzstan, compositor, remarkable melodies singer, comuzchy
Atay Ogonbaev knew dozens of various performance methods of playing the comuz
and executed with the help of all fingers of right hand, one finger, pizzicato,
flick at stand, finger board, circle spin hand movements up and down. He
performed putting the comuz on the shoulder, on the head, putting it behind the
back, spinning it around the body, striking the hearers by his virtuous
technique.
By their appearance Kyrgyz relate to the southern Siberia Mongol subrace. They
have straight hair, flat face, prominent cheekbones, rather fair complexion and
other Mongol race features.
Relation of the Kyrgyz language to other Turk languages differs. The Kyrgyz
nationality by the language with Altays, Kazakhs, Karakols, Bashkirs, Tartars,
is in so-called kypchygai or northwestern group of turkik people. The tribal
division is kept by the territory and language indications till the present days.
Traditions. Religion believes.
The spread of Islam in the Kyrgyz environment is tightly connected with its
ethnic history of the IX-XII century. The confession of Islam among the Kyrgyz
people became more active during Kokand Khanat. In the most important strategic
places they built strengthening and as a rule mosques inside, where Kokand
mullahs settled down. But the role of the mosque in the religious life was
limited, as it was built up in the strengthening that Kyrgyz tried to escape.
Islam's ideology propagation from the Kokand side and then from Russian
authorities didn't reach the desirable results. From five so-called "pillars of
Muslim religion", they celebrated only Muslim holidays that also interlaced the
early religion remainders. So, after a thirty-fife-day fast they celebrated "Orozo
Ait" praying for the spirit of ancestor and dead. In their honor they baked
borsoks, lit candles (sham), read Koran. "Kurman Ait" was celebrated as the
holiday for alive and was accompanied with sacrifice. Along with Islam, and
sometimes mixed with it, the preislam traditions existed.
One of the tribes in Northern Kyrgyzstan is called "bugu"(deer), a number of
superstition legends evidence of the totem deer reverence by Kyrgyz. This can be
connected with widely spread superstitions of eagle, wolf and mountain goat
reverence. Apart from this there was zoroastrical animal worship. The object of
warship was a white young of camel, snake, eagle owl and a bear. In the
religious conceptions of the Kyrgyz people, the important place was given the to
nature cult, and the most ancient among them - heaven. Being in difficult
situation, Kyrgyz appealed to the sky with the words: "Heaven help me". When
blessing young or to gratify - "Heaven bless you". They also connected sky with
damnation "Heaven curse you". In the nature cult great attention was given to
the earth and water warship, as they are the bearers of the life origin. One of
the most ancient rituals was "Jer-suutau", when the Kyrgyz people sacrificed
animals for the deity. In the premuslim system of conceptions one of the most
important was ancestors cult. Ancestors? spirits protected alive and guarded
them from various troubles.
Shamanism and connected with it concepts and ways of treatment were very
important in the Kyrgyz philosophy. The shamans were black and white. The most
powerful were black ones. Their main function was to treat "nervous" diseases
and soothsaying. They "treated" and "prophesied" with the help of evil spirits.
The shaman spirit considered to be inherited. Premuslim beliefs happened to be
more stable than Islam. Nowadays, when the prices for treatments are very high
and it's difficult to find a good doctor in the village, more and more common
people use the modern sorcerer's services. Almost in all markets you can meet
shamans offering their services (fortune telling, amulet production and
treatment). A lot of family traditions tightly interlaced with the religious-magic
rituals. So, when the child was born, along with "Jetibek toi" (birthday feast),
"Tushoo kesuu" (hobble cut in the first child's anniversary), when parents
organized celebration withentertaining and jolly games there also were rituals
dealt with supernatural powers beliefs. For example, when putting to cradle ("Beshikke
saluu") and cutting child's hair ("Chach aldyruu"). One of the most important
family event was wedding. It included kalym payment, various clothes exchange
between the bride's parents, expensive dowry, farewell wailing, and animal
sacrifice for the couple.
We can also call the New Year holiday "Nooruz" - that is on the 21 of March -
the traditional holiday of the past.
National games.
Odarysh is a national game. Fight on horses that demands strength
andadroitness combined with the skillful horse control. The goal is to drag down
from horse his opponent. One of the most favorite among the Kyrgyz people sport
is horse race, as they are natural horsemen. The competitions are held at a 50
meters distance. The racers should be fast and hardy and the rider - skillful
control.
Kyz-Kuumai(catch the girl). In past times
this game was a wedding ritual. Its participants were the bride, the bridegroom
and a sister in law - jene that tried to help the girl to escape from the
bridegroom. The bride and bridegroom's friends also took part in the game.
According to the rules the bride was given the best horse and she began racing
first, having the additional 20 meters distance. The bridegroom had to catch the
girl and kiss her or touch her with his hat at tilt. Thus, he proved his love
and secured the right to marry her. Due to worse horse the bridegroom sometimes
failed to catch up the girl.
The wrestling between riders for a goat carcass (Ulak Tyrtysh, Kok Beru) - is a very popular
Central Asian horse game. The words kok beru mean "grey wolf". The game's
history goes back to the distant past, it was originated when the herds of
cattle grazed all year round in the steppes and people suffered from wolves
those attacked cattle.
Due to the lack of firearms, the cattle-breeders couldn't deal with the wolf
just in the act. Steadfast jigits (horse riders) on fast and hardy horses chased
the wolf to death, beat it with sticks and kamchas (lash), picked it up from the
ground taking it away from each other.
Later, leading more settled way of life, people replaced "kok beru" by "ulak
tartysh" - wrestling for a goat's carcass. There are 2 teams of 2-4 people
in the game. The playing ground is 200x150 meters. The opposite sides are marked
with flags (10 meters) and are called "the gates". In the center of the playing
ground a 6-meters in diameter circle is placed, where before the competition
they put a goat's carcass weighting 30-40 kg., without a head and limbs cut to
the wrists (ulak).
With the signal, the team captains ride to the center and begin wrestling for
the goat's carcass. As soon as the ulak is picked up, the rest members of the
teams begin to participate in wrestling. The winner of this game is the team
that threw ulak into the opponent's gates more times.